Wind Turbine Layout / Array
In a wind farm,turbines can be arranged in many different layouts. The layout should relate to the specific characteristics of the landscape -this means that the most suitable layout for every development will be different. The development process typically begins with a layout that responds mainly to wind speed and wind turbine specification, sited within defined land ownership / tenure boundaries. For a small wind farm, this might comprise a single row of wind turbines along a ridge; while, for a larger development, a grid of wind turbines is often taken as the starting point, with the turbines spaced at minimum separation distances to avoid turbulence.
From this starting point turbines will be moved or removed due to physical constraints, such as watercourses, areas of deep peat and steep slopes, and in response to sensitive habitat or wildlife species. During this process of modification, landscape and visual issues will also inform the layout. Although some landscape and visual concerns –such as the need to avoid visibility from a particularly sensitive viewpoint -may present an absolute constraint, many landscape and visual sensitivities can be addressed through good design. This commonly involves a number of changes to create the most appropriate wind farm.
There are several common types of layout divided into regular or irregular formats. Generally, the fewer turbines and the simpler the layout on an even landform, the easier it is to create a positive feature -visually balanced, simple and consistent in image as it is viewed from various directions. This is most easily achieved by a simple line upon level ground. As soon as there is deviation from this, the design becomes more complicated.
A regular shape, such as a double line, a triangle, or a grid can appear appropriate within a wide open and level space where there is a regular landscape pattern, such as within agricultural fields. However,as you move through the landscape and see it from different directions and elevations, views of the grid change and reveal a variable effect, seemingly ordered along some rows, but in others overlapping. In addition, the rationale of the position of turbines appears confused if they are at different elevations.
Irregular layouts can be more appropriate in landscapes of variable elevation and pattern. However, irregular forms pose a greater challenge in terms of achieving a simple image,as the turbines will interact in varying ways with each other as well as with the underlying landscape. This can result in negative effects such as unevenvisual densities of wind turbines, overlapping turbine rotors (often termed ‘stacking’), partial screening behind a skyline and turbine outliers separate from the main group.
Wind farms should relate to underlying landscape characteristics of a similar scale and/or prominence. Wind turbines can be accommodated in areas of complex pattern, provided that their siting and design does not dominate the elements whichdefine this. Odd numbers of turbines often present a more balanced composition than even numbers.
The design of offshore wind farms, with the greatest number of turbines in formal grid layouts, can lead to distinctive visual effects. From one part of the coast offshore turbines will be seen clearly in rows with the sea horizon visible between them, but by moving along the coast the design can appear more confused,with the turbines appearing as a constant mass on the horizon. It will be important to consider these design effects during project development and appraise the wind farm’s image from sensitive receptors.
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